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عمران::
نیروی بالابرنده
A void space must be maintained beneath the grade beam in order to isolate the structure from the soil and prevent soil swelling pressures from producing uplift forces on the grade beams.
The effect of mushrooming, along with uplift skin fric- tion, has been seen to cause large uplift forces on the piers.
Void spaces have been observed under the bottom of the piers that have experienced excessive heave due to uplift forces on such mushroomed tops.
The principle on which pier design is based is to found the piers in a sound stratum at sufficient depth that will provide anchorage to minimize movement due to uplift forces exerted by the expansive soils.
In the rigid pier design method, the uplift forces are equated to the anchorage forces, and it is assumed that there is no heave of the pier.
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